Summer Rerun: Lewis vs Haldane

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J B S Haldane was an eminent British scientist (population genetics) and a Marxist. C S Lewis was…well, you probably already know who C S Lewis was.  In 1946, Haldane published an article critiquing a series of novels by Lewis known as the Ransom Trilogy, and particularly the last book of the series, That Hideous Strength. Lewis responded in a letter which remained unpublished for many of years. All this may sound ancient and estoteric, but I believe the Lewis/Haldane controversy is very relevant to our current political and philosophical landscape.

In  That Hideous Strength–my review is here–Mark, a young sociologist, is hired by a government agency called NICEthe National Institute for Coordinated Experimentationhaving as its stated mission the application of science to social problems.  In the novel, NICE turns out to be a conspiracy devoted to very diabolical purposes, as Mark gradually discovers.   See the review for more detail

Here are some of the highlights of the Lewis/Haldane controversy:

1)Money and Power. In his article, Haldane attacks Lewis for the latter’s refusal to absolutely condemn usury, and celebrates the fact that “Mammon has been cleared off a sixth of our planet’s surface”…clearly referring to the Soviet Union. Here’s part of Lewis’s response:

The difference between us is that the Professor sees the ‘World’ purely in terms of those threats and those allurements which depend on money. I do not. The most ‘worldly’ society I have ever lived in is that of schoolboys: most worldly in the cruelty and arrogance of the strong, the toadyism and mutual treachery of the weak, and the unqualified snobbery of both. Nothing was so base that most members of the school proletariat would not do it, or suffer it, to win the favour of the school aristocracy: hardly any injustice too bad for the aristocracy to practise. But the class system did not in the least depend on the amount of pocket money. Who needs to care about money if most of the things he wants will be offered by cringing servility and the remainder can be taken by force?  

This lesson has remained with me all my life. That is one of the reasons why I cannot share Professor Haldanes exaltation at the banishment of Mammon from ‘a sixth of our planet’s surface’. I have already lived in a world from which Mammon was banished: it was the most wicked and miserable I have yet known. If Mammon were the only devil, it would be another matter. But where Mammon vacates the throne, how if Moloch takes his place? As Aristotle said, ‘Men do not become tyrants in order to keep warm’. All men, of course, desire pleasure and safety. But all men also desire power and all men desire the mere sense of being ‘in the know’ or the ‘inner ring’, of not being ‘outsiders’: a passion insufficiently studied and the chief theme of my story. When the state of society is such that money is the passport to all these prizes, then of course money will be the prime temptation. But when the passport changes, the desires will remain.

2)Centralized scientific planning. Haldane: “Mr. Lewis’s idea is clear enough. The application of science to human affairs can only lead to hell.” While denying that this is a correct statement of his views, Lewis goes on to say:

Every tyrant must begin by claiming to have what his victims respect and to give what they want. The majority in most modern countries respect science and want to be planned. And, therefore, almost by definition, if any man or group wishes to enslave us it will of course describe itself as ‘scientific planned democracy.‘

and

My fears of such a tyranny will seem to the Professor either insincere or pusillanimous. For him the danger is all in the opposite direction, in the chaotic selfishness of individualism.   I must try to explain why I fear more the disciplined cruelty of some ideological oligarchy. The Professor has his own explanation of this; he thinks I am unconsciously motivated by the fact   that I ‘stand to lose by social change’. And indeed it would be hard for me to welcome a change which might well consign me to a concentration camp. I might add that it would be likewise easy for the Professor to welcome a change which might place him in the highest rank of an omnicompetent oligarchy. That is why the motive game is so uninteresting. Each side can go on playing—ad nauseam, but when all the mud has been flung every man’s views still remain to be considered on their merits.

 

3)Democracy and conservatism. Haldane accuses Lewis of being anti-democracy, which accusation Lewis denies. He expands on his views:

I am a democrat because I believe that no man or group of men is good enough to be trusted with uncontrolled power over others. And the higher the pretensions of such power, the more
dangerous I think it both to the rulers and to the subjects. Hence Theocracy is the worst of all governments. If we must have a tyrant a robber baron is far better than an inquisitor. The baron’s cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity at some point be sated; and since he dimly knows he is doing wrong he may possibly repent. But the inquisitor who mistakes his own cruelty and lust of power and fear for the voice of Heaven will torment us infinitely because he torments us with the approval of his own conscience and his better impulses appear to him as temptations. And since Theocracy is the worst, the nearer any government approaches to Theocracy the worse it will be. A metaphysic, held by the rulers with the force of a religion, is a bad sign. It forbids them, like the inquisitor, to admit any grain of truth or good in their opponents, It abrogates the ordinary rules of morality, and it gives a seemingly high, super-personal sanction to all the very ordinary human passions by which, like other men, the rulers will frequently be actuated. In a word, it forbids wholesome doubt. A political programme can never in reality be more than probably right. We never know all the facts about the present and we can only guess the future. To attach to a party programme -— whose highest real claim is to reasonable prudence -— the sort of assent which we should reserve for demonstrable theorems, is a kind of intoxication.

This false certainty comes out in Professor Haldanes article. He simply cannot believe that a man could really be in doubt about usury. I have no objection to his thinking me wrong. What shocks me is his instantaneous assumption that the question is so simple that there could be no real hesitation about it. It is breaking Aristotle’s canon—to demand in every enquiry that degree of certainty which the subject matter allows. And not **on your life** to pretend that you see further than you do. Being a democrat, I am opposed to all very drastic and sudden changes of society (in whatever direction) because they never in fact take place except by a particular technique. That technique involves the seizure of power by a small, highly disciplined group of people; the terror and the secret police follow, it would seem, automatically. I do not think any group good enough to have such power. They are men of like passions with ourselves. The secrecy and discipline of their organisation will have already inflamed in them that passion for the inner ring which I think at least as corrupting as avarice; and their high ideological pretensions will have lent all their passions the dangerous prestige of the Cause. Hence, in whatever direction the change is made, it is for me damned by its _modus operandi_. The worst of all public dangers is the committee of public safety. The character in _That Hideous Strength_ whom the Professor never mentions is Miss Hardcastle, the chief of the secret police. She is the common factor in all revolutions; and, as she says, you won’t get anyone to do her job well unless they get some kick out of it.

Lewis’s response appears in the essay collection Of Other Worlds;, edited by Walter Hooper; excerpts are on-line at this site. There’s also a Wikipedia article on Haldane.

16 thoughts on “Summer Rerun: Lewis vs Haldane”

  1. I have a copy of Pelican Book A84, The Scientific Attitude, by C H Waddington in 1941, which quotes Haldane with approval, disparages Fascism and praises Communism while stepping back from its political ideas. Waddington’s book may well have contributed to inspiring That Hideous Strength. Here’s a quote, which I could imagine inspiring Lewis to project Waddington’s vision of what well-funded experts allowed free rein might achieve: The NICE/

    As one of the most promient social scientists put it*:
    “We social scientists have great arrays of data ;
    “. . . data on production and distribution, but not the data which will enable us to say with assurance, as the experts dealing with such matters, how our economy can get into use all of the needed goods we are physically capable of producing :
    “. . . data on past business cycles, but not the data that enabled us to foresee the great depression of 1929 even six months before it occurred :
    “ . . . data on labour problems, but not the data to provide an effective programme for solving the central problems of unemployment and of the widening class-cleavage between capital and labour :
    “ . . . legal data, but not the data to implement us to curb admittedly increasing lawlessness :
    “ . . . data on public administration, but not the data for a well co-ordinated programme with which to attack such central problems of American democracy as the fading meaning of ‘citizenship’ to the urban dweller and what Secretary Wallace has called the ‘private ownership of government’ by business :
    “ . . . data on the irrationality of human behaviour and on the wide inequalities in intelligence, but not the data on how a culture can be made to operate democratically by and for such human components.”
    If this was the state in America, English science was certainly no better off. In fact, being further away from the sources of financial support provided by the American research foundations, even its collections of data on social questions were much less complete. Above all, they were even less related to the living reality of life in our civilisation. We had our censuses and economic statistics, less exhaustive than the American but still fairly thorough.. But there was on this side of the Atlantic very little to correspond to the enormous mass of American data on questions of personal taste and interest, on such matters as the relation between a husband’s profession and his views on whether a woman’s place is the home, or on the kinds of activities with which the unemployed tried to occupy themselves during their enforced leisure. The comparative neglect of subjects of this kind by official scientists in England led to the development of one of the most surprising scientific movements of recent times. The field was empty, and crying out to be filled. Into its wide open spaces there stepped a collection of amateur observers ; Mass Observation, organised by a few energetic young men, financed and put across by methods which academic scientists scorned as ballyhoo, and with the programme of collecting notes taken by large numbers of untrained helpers on what actually occurred around them during a given time, or what were the statements made by their acquaintances on certain topics. Among its founders there was a poet and newspaper man as well as an anthropologist. What it lacked in orthodox scientific rigour, it made up for by its lack of stuffed shirts, and by its unselecteive and receptive approach, which enabled the facts themselves to suggest the profitable lines of attack. In a subject as undeveloped as the study of society, a great deal of academic thoroughness would be necessary to do better than Mass Observation’s lively realism.
    – – – – – –
    * R. S. Lynd, Knowledge for What? ; p. 6

  3. ”Mass Observation”

    I always found the term rather creepy.

    I suspect he was referring to the primitive form of polling at the time.

    The baron’s cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity at some point be sated; and since he dimly knows he is doing wrong he may possibly repent. But the inquisitor who mistakes his own cruelty and lust of power and fear for the voice of Heaven will torment us infinitely because he torments us with the approval of his own conscience and his better impulses appear to him as temptations.

    Hence we find what is true of Yale and I suspect many “elite” colleges.

  4. Haldane is now known to have been a communist spy. I don’t think that is tangential to the discussion. https://www.amazon.com/Comrade-Haldane-Too-Busy-Holiday/dp/1594039836

    The quote “Being a democrat, I am opposed to all very drastic and sudden changes of society (in whatever direction) because they never in fact take place except by a particular technique. That technique involves the seizure of power by a small, highly disciplined group of people; the terror and the secret police follow, it would seem, automatically.” – ties in with my essay on 25%.

  5. Re Haldane’s Communist affiliations–I think Lewis’s point: ” I might add that it would be likewise easy for the Professor to welcome a change which might place him in the highest rank of an omnicompetent oligarchy”…has a lot to do with the motivations of a high % of Leftists of the academic flavor.

  6. I read the “Ransom” trilogy for the first time recently (unaware that Lewis had written any Science Fiction until I watched an interview of Walter Hooper by Eric Metaxas).

    All three books are very good “classic style science fiction”, and I recommend them. The third in the series, That Hideous Strength, contained a stunning revelation for me.

    I consider myself a student of human motivations and attitudes. But, I had not appreciated the level of motivational force that is exerted by the simple desire to be on “the inside”.

    “But all men also desire power and all men desire the mere sense of being ‘in the know’ or the ‘inner ring’, of not being ‘outsiders’: a passion insufficiently studied and the chief theme of my story.”

    I see the hushed whispers and knowing looks of the characters in the book, everywhere around me.

    Especially in the current crop of “reformers” that wish to use the force of government to make us conform to their vague, unconsidered, utopian urges.

  7. What we describe as “the left” was previously recognized as a form of religion.

    My biography of Robespierre is titled, “Fatal Purity.”

    One quote from the book,

    “The more godlike I prove Robespierre’s conduct to have been, the greater will be the horror in which his memory will be held by the upper and middle classes.”

    They see themselves as pure and above reproach. If you reproach them, even mildly, you are evil.

    That is a religion.

  8. I’ll have to add it to the list of books I’d find enjoyable and worth reading. Unfortunately, this list keeps getting longer, never shorter, and would probably reach to the Moon or beyond.

    I find it interestingly prophetic that Lewis chose a woman for his villain. Women were hardly well represented in the upper reaches of power at the time. We see Merkel and May, however much they might disagree, in complete agreement on the need to quash dissent and extend their personal power. Not that this is an exclusively feminine preoccupation.

    Haldane represents the perfect example of the danger of blindly following scientists out of their field. Whatever his accomplishments, and they were many and substantial, he would have made the perfect commissar and would have been both bewildered and indignant when he found himself inevitably in front of a firing squad. Khrushchev was probably only marginally literate but he survived countless intellectuals to die in bed, and probably signed the death warrants of many.

  11. He did not like school. I too was sent off into that environment. A lot of people become conservative in orientation, just because of their bad experience with others, when they were growing up.

    I somehow escaped that fate. I have already made my view of his writing plain I believe.

  12. @Mike K.
    And (with apologies to a Star Trek: Voyager script writer), any human who worships themself has a petaQ for a god.

  14. “Haldane is now known to have been a communist spy. I don’t think that is tangential to the discussion.”

    I also think it is not tangential to hostility to Lewis’ arguments””especially to hostility expressed in pseudo-psychological “explanations” of why Lewis opposed tyranny by bien pensants.

  15. Anon 1123am…”He did not like school. I too was sent off into that environment. A lot of people become conservative in orientation, just because of their bad experience with others, when they were growing up.”

    George Orwell really hated school, too. Do you consider him to have been a conservative?

  16. @ Anon. I don’t know of evidence linking attendance at boys public schools with conservatism. Perhaps wealthier students from old money were more likely to be so, but I doubt even that. And Lewis was not from that class.

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